System and method for estimating the capacity of a local loop to carry data

ABSTRACT

A characteristic of a local loop is used to estimate the loop&#39;s data carrying capacity. The characteristic is measured and applied to a table previously stored in memory which contains values relating the characteristic to downstream data rates. Using interpolation when required, an estimate of the data carrying capacity of the local loop is estimated based on the measured characteristic. The measured characteristic may be, for example, the input impedance or the DC resistance of the local loop.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of Invention

The present invention relates generally to the field of data communications. More specifically, the present invention relates to estimating transmission channel data carrying capacity.

2. Description of the Related Art

A conventional telephone system is described with respect to FIG. 1. A central office switch 102 is connected to subscribers 104 a-104 e via cable pairs 106 a-106 e respectively. Generally, cable pairs 106 a—106 e are part of a larger cable that contains many cable pairs, for example, having 300, 600, 1200 or 2400 cable pairs. Cable pairs 106 a-106 e are also called local loops as they make a loop from the central office to the subscriber and back to the central office.

Conventional local loops are designed to carry telephone traffic in the plain old telephone system (POTS). Consequently, the loops were designed for traffic having frequencies up to approximately 4 KHz. More recent data transmission schemes carry data having significantly higher frequencies. For example, communicating using asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) requires data rates ranging from 25 KHz to 1.1 MHz. As described below, some, but not all, loops in the existing infrastructure can be used to transmit these higher rate data streams.

An additional limitation to the data carrying capacity of some cable pairs is the presence of load coils. Load coils, such as load coils 108 a-108 c, are inductors spliced into a cable pair along its length to mitigate the effects of cable length on data transmission. Load coils are present only on longer cable pairs. Where load coils are present, however, they limit the pass band of the cable to which they are attached. This is shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 illustrates a transfer function (curve 202) representative of a cable having no added load coils. As can be seen, the gradual roll off of the transfer function indicates that higher frequencies are passed by the cable, including frequencies required for higher data rate transmission schemes, including, for example, ADSL.

This gradual rolloff is in sharp contrast to a cable to which load coils have been added, as illustrated by the exemplary transfer function (curve 204) of a cable to which load coils have been added. It can be seen that the transfer function has a sharp cutoff at approximately 3.3 KHz. Consequently, cable pairs having load coils spliced in them cannot be used to carry higher data rate transmissions such as ADSL. Because not all local loops can be used for ADSL, or other high data rate transmission services, when a customer requests ADSL service, the service provider must determine whether the existing lines to the customer can support the relatively high bandwidth requirements of ADSL.

The problem of determining the sufficiency of a local loop's bandwidth, and particularly, whether the local loop has load coils spliced into it, is significant in the industry. Originally, paper records tracked which local loops had load coils. However, today these records are often incomplete, lost or unreliable or otherwise not easily accessible. Thus, they tend to be of little use in responding to a customer's request for high data rate services. Consequently, service technicians must often go to a subscriber's home to test a cable pair to determine if the cable pair can support high data rate services. Sending service technicians to subscriber sites is costly, inconvenient and time consuming.

Conventionally, the presence of load coils is detected by hooking up a test set across the tip and ring of the cable pair to detect the presence of load coils. This test is illustrated in FIGS. 3A to 3C. FIG. 3A shows a non-loaded cable pair. A non-loaded cable pair 302 can be characterized as a series of capacitances 302 a, 302 b and 302 c in parallel as shown in FIG. 3A. The capacitance shown in FIG. 3A is that capacitance between the conductors, which is carefully controlled in the manufacturing process to be within certain limits. The length and gauge of the a particular cable segment gives rise to the capacitance. Curve 320 in FIG. 3C illustrates graphically a representative dependency of the impedance on frequency for cable pair 302. From the Figure, it can be seen that the dependency has a form characteristic of a capacitor. This is because as the frequency increases, the impedance decreases and asymptotically approaches the characteristic impedance of the cable. In the present example, the characteristic impedance is 100 ohms, shown by line 321.

A loaded pair, on the other hand, includes inductors 304 a and 304 b (load coils) in series as shown in FIG. 3B, in addition to capacitances 302 a, 302 b and 302 c. Curve 322 in FIG. 3C illustrates graphically a representative dependency of impedance on frequency for a local loop with a single load coil. There is a peak 324 in curve 322. Peak 324 is present due to a tuned circuit that arises from the inductor-capacitor combinations, e.g., inductor 304 a and capacitor 302 b. The frequency at which the apex of the peak occurs is called the resonant frequency. The resonant frequency is the frequency at which the circuit is said to be “tuned.” Thus, the presence of load coils can be determined by detecting the presence of a tuned circuit in the cable pair.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is a system and method for estimating the transmission capability of a local loop. The transmission capability is determined by examining a characteristic of the local loop. In the preferred embodiment, the measured characteristic is applied to a table stored in computer memory. Each entry in the table contains a value of the characteristic and a value that relates the measured characteristic to the data carrying capacity of the local loop.

In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, this characteristic is the input impedance of the local loop. In this preferred embodiment, the input impedance, Z_(in), of the cable pair making up the local loop is measured. From this measurement, RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} is calculated. The resulting value is applied to a table stored in computer memory that contains predetermined values of RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} and the downstream data rate corresponding to those values to obtain an estimate of the data carrying capacity of the local loop being tested. In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the DC resistance of the local loop is measured and used as the characteristic.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the downstream data rate values that are stored in the table are determined using a cable emulator. In an alternative embodiment, the data rate is calculated based on predetermined cable parameters used to make the cable pair model. In either case, input impedances are calculated at multiple frequencies in the voice band (0 KHz-4 KHz). From the results, a frequency is selected at which to calculate RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} for each cable emulated to create the table data. Preferably, the frequency chosen is such that the RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} at that frequency has a substantially linear relationship with the corresponding calculated or measured downstream data rate for the cable.

Thus, one object of the present invention is to facilitate the determination of local loop data carrying capacity of the local loop.

Another object of the present invention is to estimate the data carrying capacity using a characteristic of the local loop.

Another object of the present invention is to estimate the data carrying capacity using input impedance.

Another object of the present invention is to estimate the data carrying capacity using DC resistance.

Another object of the present invention is to estimate the data carrying capacity of the local loop remotely, that is, without having to dispatch a service persons to a subscriber's premises.

Another object of the present invention is to determine the presence of load coils on a local loop in a cheap, quick and efficient manner.

These and other objects of the present invention are described in greater detail in the detailed description of the invention, the appended drawings and the attached claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a portion of a conventional telephone system.

FIG. 2 illustrates graphically a transfer function characteristic of a local loop having a spliced load coil and a local loop without a spliced load coil.

FIG. 3A illustrates schematically a cable pair having no load coils.

FIG. 3B illustrates schematically a cable pair having load coils.

FIG. 3C illustrates the impedance characteristic of a loaded and non-loaded cable pair.

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a model of a cable pair.

FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of the dependency of input impedance on frequency associated with data carrying capacity for a number of local loops.

FIG. 6 is a graphical representation of the dependency of the transmission capability of a cable pair on the input impedance.

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a system for testing a cable pair according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a graphical illustration of the dependency transmission capability of a cable pair on DC resistance.

FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of a cable that can exist in a telephone system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention uses a characteristic of the local loop to estimate its transmission capability. Preferably, the characteristic is the input impedance of a cable pair. The terms “cable pair” and “local loop” are used interchangeably throughout this specification. Transmission capability refers to the bandwidth, and correspondingly, to the data rates or data carrying capacity that can be supported by the cable pair. FIG. 4 is a model of a transmission line 402. Transmission line 402 can be, for example, a local loop. Transmission line 402 is modeled as having a resistance, R, 404 a and 404 b, a capacitance, C, 406, an inductance, L, 408 a and 408 b and a conductance, G, 410. The inductance 408 a and 408 b differ from the load coils discussed above in that capacitance 404 and inductance 408 a and 408 b do not vary much for a given cable gauge and shunt conductance. Consequently, the dominant effect on the input impedance arises from the resistance 404 a and 404 b. Mathematically, the effect of the resistance 404 a and 404 b on the input impedance of the transmission line is RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))}, where RE{x} indicates the real part of x. A brief derivation is explained below. A more detailed development of transmission line theory is found in K. F. Snader and G. A. L. Reed, Transmission and Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves, (Cambridge University Press 1987), which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

Every transmission line has a propagation constant which, in general is a function of frequency. It is a complex number whose real component, α, is the attenuation, in nepers per unit length, and whose reactive component, β, is the phase shift in radians per unit length. The product of the real component, α, and the length of the line is the quantity of interest, as this quantity is related to the end-to-end loss of the line at that frequency.

In the preferred embodiment, the measurement is made in the voiceband (i.e., 0 KHz-4 KHz). Consequently, the loss of the line at ADSL frequencies is not directly available. However, the nature of the makeup of local loops provides some relationship between the loss of the line in the voiceband and the loss of the line at ADSL frequencies. The following derivation provides an estimate of the loss in the voiceband.

It is well known that the input impedance of the transmission line, Z_(in), with a characteristic impedance, Z_(o), when terminated in an arbitrary impedance, Z_(load), has the following relationship: $\begin{matrix} {Z_{in} = {Z_{o}\quad \frac{Z_{load} + {Z_{o}\left( {\tanh \left( {\gamma \quad 1} \right)} \right)}}{{Z_{load}\left( {\tanh \left( {\gamma \quad 1} \right)} \right)} + Z_{o}}}} & (1) \end{matrix}$

Where the input impedance of the local loop is measured from the central office, it can be assumed that the customer is on-hook (since the line is idle) and the load impedance is very high. Dividing the numerator and denominator of equation (1) by Zload, yields: $\begin{matrix} {Z_{in} = {Z_{o}\quad \frac{1 + {\frac{Z_{o}}{Z_{load}}\left( {\tanh ({\gamma 1})} \right)}}{{\tanh ({\gamma 1})} + \frac{Z_{o}}{Z_{load}}}}} & (2) \end{matrix}$

Taking the limit of equation (2) as Z_(load) approaches infinity yields: $\begin{matrix} {{\lim\limits_{Z_{load}->\infty}Z_{in}} = {Z_{o}\frac{1}{\tanh ({\gamma 1})}}} & (3) \end{matrix}$

Rearranging equation (3) to obtain an expression for the parameter of interest, γl, yields: $\begin{matrix} {{\tanh ({\gamma 1})} = \frac{Z_{o}}{Z_{in}}} & (4) \end{matrix}$

The characteristic input impedance, Z_(o), can be treated as a constant since only a measurable parameter having some relationship to the loss is required. It has been determined that at a specific frequency, Z_(o), is substantially constant across different gauges of cables and types of insulation. Treating Z_(o) as constant yields: ${{\gamma 1} \propto {\tanh^{- 1}\left( \frac{1}{Z_{in}} \right)}},{{{or}\quad {\alpha 1}} \propto {R{\left\{ {\tanh^{- 1}\left( \frac{1}{Z_{in}} \right)} \right\}.}}}$

The transmission capability of a cable pair can be determined experimentally by direct measurement or it can be calculated. The measurement or calculation is performed over the frequency range of interest. RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} is then calculated for each cable at each of the frequencies tested. FIG. 5 is a plot of RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} as a function of frequency for 21 loops within a frequency range of 100 Hz to 5 KHz. The interval for the frequency range is one data point every 100 hz. Although actual physical cables could be used, the graph in FIG. 5 was created using accurate numerical routines that emulate various cable parameters including input impedance and insertion loss. For each emulated cable, the input impedance, Z_(in), is calculated at each desired frequency in the frequency range. RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} is calculated and plotted as a function of frequency as shown in FIG. 5. The transmission capability (downstream data rate) of each of the emulated cables is determined by measurement. For example, the transmission capability of each loop can be measured using a real ADSL system on a loop emulator such as loop emulator model number DLS-400, available from Consultronics, Ontario, Canada.

From these measurements it was determined that at 1.5 KHz a substantially linear relationship exists between RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} and the transmission capability, i.e., downstream data rate. FIG. 6 illustrates this linear relationship. Each data point represents the measured downstream data rate for the loop as a function of the loop's RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} at 1.5 KHz. It would be known to those skilled in the art that the relationship at virtually any frequency could be chosen. Preferably, the relationship is relatively smooth, for example, the relationship is substantially monotonically increasing or decreasing.

The graph in FIG. 6 is converted into a table containing entries of RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} and the corresponding estimated downstream data rate. The preferred table is given below:

RE{tanh⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} Downstream Data Rate 8.4197425e−007 9312.0 5.1506817e−006 9472.0 1.6781926e−005 8128.0 3.9294376e−005 8480.0 7.5916769e−005 8320.0 1.2912243e−004 7840.0 2.0003046e−004 6816.0 2.8776928e−004 6144.0 3.3189947e−004 5792.0 3.8906920e−004 5088.0 4.9839366e−004 3904.0 6.0876407e−004 2816.0 7.1309761e−004 1984.0 8.0557430e−004 896.0 8.2228188e−004 800.0 9.5771281e−004 1184.0 8.8252758e−004 384.0 8.9590061e−004 384.0 9.4263065e−004 0.0 9.5265664e−004 96.0 1.0899387e−003 0.0

The table is entered and stored electronically, for example in a computer memory. After the table is created and stored, the following steps are used to determine the transmission rate of a particular local loop:

(1) Measure Z_(in) for the local loop in a well-known manner at 1.5 KHz.

(2) Calculate RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))}.

(3) Determine the data rate using the value calculated in step (2) from the table stored in computer memory. Interpolation between the points that are stored in the table is required for values of RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} which fall between the values of RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} stored in the table. Such interpolation is well-known to those skilled in the art. For example, well-known curve fitting techniques such as the least squares fit or the cubic spline fits can be used for the purpose of interpolation.

The present invention can be used to test the capacity of trunk lines at a central office. Referring to FIG. 7, a central office 702 has a number of trunk lines 704 a-c on which telephone traffic is carried to and from central office 702. A switching machine 706 can connect any one of trunks 704 a-c to any of lines 705 a-c. In addition cross-connect circuit 706 can connect any of lines 705 a-c to a test apparatus 708 via NO TEST trunk 710. NO TEST trunk 710 provides metallic access to any of lines 705 a-c. Test apparatus 708 can be a Mechanized Loop Testing device available from Lucent Technologies, Holmdel, N.J.

The present invention allows the determination of whether a particular line has sufficient capacity to carry high data rate communication to be made in the voiceband, for example, as described above, at 1.5 KHz. Any particular telephone line, assuming it is free, i.e., on-hook, can be tested by appropriately directing the NO TEST trunk 710 to land on that particular telephone number. Test apparatus 708 must be modified to make the calculation RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} and to perform steps (1)-(3), set forth above, to estimate the data carrying capacity of the telephone line being tested. These modifications to the test apparatus would be apparent to those skilled in the art using the disclosure provided herein.

In an alternate embodiment, a portable test apparatus 716 is used. Unlike test apparatus 708, portable test apparatus 716 must be manually connected to the cable pair for which testing is desired. Portable test apparatus 716 can be, for example, a Wilcom Model T306B Impedance Measuring Set, manufactured by Wilcom, Laconia, N.H.

To measure Z_(in), test apparatus 708 transmits a signal having a frequency down the cable pair and measures the relationship of the returning voltage to current in both phase and magnitude. Preferably, the signal is a sine wave having a frequency in the voiceband. As described above, the preferred frequency is 1.5 KHz. Using the voiceband is preferable because it allows existing test trunks in current central office switches to be used. Measuring Z_(in) in this manner is well-known to those skilled in the art.

In addition, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, test apparatus 708 is configured to test every telephone number in a central office switch to determine automatically the capacity of a particular telephone line so that data carrying capacities for any telephone line are determined in advance. This test is performed by a central computer 712. Central computer 712 is operationally connected to a database subsystem 714. In a preferred embodiment, central computer 712 is a central computer connected to each central office in a particular area, for example, each central office in a particular state. Database subsystem 714 contains all of the telephone numbers for central office 702. Test apparatus 708 receives the telephone number to be tested from database subsystem 714 in a well-known manner and then tests that telephone number for transmission capacity using the steps (1)-(3) above.

Preferably, every telephone number in central office 702 is tested automatically. That is, test apparatus 708 performs a transmission capability test on the cable designated by the telephone number given by database subsystem 714. Test apparatus 708 performs the test and returns the value RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} to central computer 712. Central computer 712 stores the value of RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} in database subsystem 714 so that it is associated with the tested cable to which the value corresponds. A microprocessor 718 or other computing element in test apparatus 708 is used to calculate RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))}.

Alternatively, test apparatus returns Zin to central computer 712 which then calculates RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} from the returned value. The calculated value of RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} is stored in database subsystem 714 so that is associated with the tested cable to which the value corresponds. Thus, the RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} values corresponding to each telephone number in a particular telephone system are pre-calculated (preferably calculated before a customer request for high data service) and stored in database 714 in association with their respective telephone numbers.

From these stored value of RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))}, the transmission capability in terms of megabits per second can be determined as described above and stored in memory corresponding to the telephone number from which they were derived so that it can be accessed by a database lookup or it can be used to derive the transmission capability algorithmically. Alternatively, the value of RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} or transmission capability corresponding to the particular telephone number under test can be stored in database 714.

In any event, when a customer desires high rate data access, a query is made to central computer 712 or database 714 to retrieve the transmission capability. If the RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} was stored, then RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} is retrieved and the transmission capability is determined by using the table of RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} and corresponding downstream data rates as described above. Once the transmission capability is determined, the customer is advised whether he or she can have that particular service. This information can be provided to the customer automatically once the database is set up.

The present invention can also assess the transmission capability of the cable pair using the DC resistance of the loop. That is, there is a relationship between the DC resistance of the loop and the loop's transmission capability. This relationship is shown in FIG. 8. However, measuring this DC resistance is cumbersome because it requires a service technician to go to the subscriber's site and short the end of the cable pair located at the subscriber's facility (the far end of the loop) to measure the DC resistance. The DC resistance is measured in a conventional manner using an ohmmeter.

A less cumbersome way to measure the DC resistance is to use test apparatus 708. This method requires the subscriber to call the automated test apparatus, via the switching machine using a conventional telephone call. Using techniques similar to caller ID, the test apparatus obtains the subscriber's telephone number. Then, the subscriber is prompted to hang up. Subsequently, test apparatus 708 accesses the subscriber's line using the metallic access provided by NO TEST trunk 710. Test apparatus 708 applies a ringing signal to the line. When the subscriber answers the call, test apparatus 708 measures the current in the loop. Knowing the voltage within test apparatus 708, the DC resistance of the completed circuit is calculated.

The completed circuit contains the resistance of the telephone set, the subscriber's home wiring, the loop, and NO TEST trunk 710. The resistance of the subscriber's home wiring is small and can be ignored. The resistance of NO TEST trunk 710 is constant from test to test, and thus, may be measured once and subtracted from the measurement. The remainder is the resistance of the loop and that of the telephone set.

The DC resistance of the telephone set is well bounded between 0 and 400 ohms. The median value can be used without appreciable loss of significance. This median value is subtracted from the above remainder to yield an estimate of the DC resistance of the loop.

Once the DC resistance of the loop is determined it can be used to index a table of transmission capacities. This table is similar to the table described above having entries of RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} and corresponding downstream data rates. Well-known interpolation techniques, such as cubic spline fitting or least squares fitting can be used to interpolate between entries of the table. Such a table is illustrated graphically in FIG. 8. The calculated downstream data rates are shown in megabits per second (Mb/s).

The data used to generate FIG. 8 comes from a Monte Carlo simulation. In this simulation, 100 makeups (arbitrary connections of different lengths of cable, each length having perhaps a different cable gauge) were synthesized. Each makeup was synthesized in such a manner that its makeup would be allowable using standard loop design practices. The DC resistance of the loop was calculated, using standard values of DC resistance per unit length for various wire gauges in use. The ADSL downstream data rate was also estimated for each loop, using an ADSL simulation tool.

The cable pair emulations described above are based on modeling a physical cable. An exemplary physical cable is physical cable 902 in FIG. 9. Referring to FIG. 9, cable 902 made up of concatenated cables 904, 906, 908 and 910. In other cables, there may be more or fewer concatenated sections, or just one section. Each of cables 904, 906, 908 and 910 can be of a different gauge wire and length. For example, cable 904 can be a 1000 foot 22 gauge cable, cable 906 can be a 3000 foot 26 gauge cable, cable 908 can be a 5000 foot 26 gauge cable and cable 910 can be a 1500 foot 24 gauge cable.

In addition, cable 902 can have unterminated access points known as bridge taps 912 and 914. Bridge tap 912 can be for example 3000 foot 22 gauge cable, while bridge tap 914 can be 785 foot 24 gauge cable. The bridge taps can have different lengths and/or gauges than those mentioned, and there may be more than two bridge taps or only one bridge tap.

Each section of physical cable 902 can be modeled by a circuit such as that shown in FIG. 4, with appropriate values of resistance R, capacitance C, inductance L and conductance G. Each parameter R, C, L and G varies depending on the length, gauge and temperature of the cable. Well-known techniques exist for determining parameters R, C, L and G given the cable length, gauge and temperature. One set of models for approximating R, C, L and G, for example, can be found in Starr, Cioffi and Silverman, Understanding Digital Subscriber line Technology (Prentice-Hall 1999). Using R, C, L and G the impedance, Z_(o) can be determined as: $\begin{matrix} {Z_{0} = \sqrt{\frac{R + {{j\omega}\quad L}}{G + {{j\omega}\quad C}}}} & (1) \end{matrix}$

The parameter gamma (γ) can be determined as:

γ={square root over ((R+jωL)(G+jωC))}  (2)

Knowing Z_(o) and γ, one can calculate an equivalent circuit model of the cable using A, B, C, D parameters from the following: $\begin{bmatrix} A & C \\ B & D \end{bmatrix} = {\begin{bmatrix} {\cosh ({\gamma 1})} & \frac{\sinh ({\gamma 1})}{Z_{0}} \\ {Z_{0}\left( {\sinh ({\gamma 1})} \right.} & {\cosh ({\gamma 1})} \end{bmatrix}.}$

The A, B, C and D parameters are used to model each section of the cable. To determine the properties of the entire cable, the section models are multiplied together (i.e., chained together). For example, the above cable is modeled as: $\begin{bmatrix} A_{TOT} & C_{TOT} \\ B_{TOT} & D_{TOT} \end{bmatrix} = {\begin{bmatrix} A_{904} & C_{904} \\ B_{904} & D_{904} \end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} A_{906} & C_{906} \\ B_{906} & D_{906} \end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} A_{908} & C_{908} \\ B_{908} & D_{908} \end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} A_{910} & C_{910} \\ B_{910} & D_{910} \end{bmatrix}}$

where the A_(9xx), B_(9xx), C9 _(xx) and D_(9xx) are the A, B, C and D parameters for the 9xx section of the cable illustrated in FIG. 9. The section models are chained together as required to model any subsection of the cable or the entire cable. It should be noted that the bridge taps are treated differently because they are unterminated. This different treatment is well known in the art. For more details regarding the above modeling, see chapter 3 of Dr. Walter Y. Chen, DSL Simulation Techniques and Standards Development for Digital Subscriber Lines (MacMillan Technical Publishing 1998), which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

The multiplication identified in Equation (3) is carried out, which results in a total set of A, B, C and D parameters, for example: $\begin{bmatrix} A_{TOT} & C_{TOT} \\ B_{TOT} & D_{TOT} \end{bmatrix}.$

From this final set of A, B, C and D parameters, the input impedance of the cable can be calculated at a specific frequency, ω, as $Z_{in} = {\frac{A + \frac{B}{Z_{load}}}{C + \frac{D}{Z_{load}}}.}$

The calculations a frequency specific because the A, B, C and D parameters are functions of frequency, ω, as shown in Equations (1) and (2). This calculation of Z_(in) assumes that the cable 902 is terminated at its far end, end 916 (i.e., in Z_(load)).

The foregoing disclosure of embodiments of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many variations and modifications of the embodiments described herein will be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the above disclosure. The scope of the invention is to be defined only by the claims appended hereto, and by their equivalents. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for estimating a data carrying capacity value of a potential DSL local loop, comprising: a test apparatus that measures input impedance of the potential DSL local loop; a table containing a plurality of entries, each entry containing a potential value of the input impedance and an estimate of a data carrying capacity value of the potential DSL local loop corresponding to said potential value of the input impedance; a computer to estimate the data carrying capacity value of the potential DSL local loop from the plurality entries using the measured value of input impedance and said table; and wherein said potential value is RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} and the computer uses the real part of the measured value of the input impedance.
 2. A method for estimating a data carrying capacity value of a potential DSL local loop, comprising the steps of: (a) measuring a value of input impedance of the potential DSL local loop; (b) applying said measured value of input impedance to a table containing a plurality of entries, each entry containing a potential value of input impedance and an estimate of a data carrying capacity value of the potential DSL local loop corresponding to said potential value of input impedance; (c) estimating the data carrying capacity value of the potential DSL local loop from the plurality of entries using said table and said measured value of input impedance; and wherein said potential value is RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} and step (c) comprises the step of using the step of using the real part of the measured value of input impedance.
 3. A test apparatus for estimating a data carrying capacity value of a potential DSL local loop, comprising: means for connecting the test apparatus to the local loop to measure a value of an input impedance of the potential DSL local loop; a table containing a plurality of entries, each entry containing a potential value of the input impedance and an estimate of a data carrying capacity value of the potential DSL local loop corresponding to said potential value of the input impedance; a microprocessor to determine an estimate of the data carrying capacity value of the potential DSL local loop from the plurality of entries using said measured value of the input impedance and said table; and wherein said potential value is RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} and the microprocessor uses a real part of the measured value of input impedance.
 4. A method for responding to a request from a subscriber of a telephone system for high data rate service, comprising the steps of: (a) receiving the subscriber request; (b) measuring a value of input impedance of a potential DSL local loop associated with the subscriber; (c) applying said measured value of input impedance to a table containing a plurality of entries, each entry containing a potential value of input impedance and an estimate of a data carrying capacity value of the local loop corresponding to said potential value; (d) estimating the data carrying capacity value of the potential DSL local loop from the plurality of entries using said table and said measured value of input impedance; (e) advising the subscriber in accordance with said estimating step (d); and (f) storing RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} as said potential value of input impedance.
 5. A system for estimating a data carrying capacity value of a local loop, comprising: a test apparatus located at a service provider's facility that measures an input impedance of the local loop; a computer having a computer disk on which an estimate table is stored, the estimate table containing a plurality of entries, wherein each entry comprises a potential value of the input impedance of the local loop and an estimate of a data carrying capacity value of the local loop corresponding to the potential value of the input impedance of the local loop; a process executing on the computer to determine an estimate of a data carrying capacity value of the local loop from the plurality of entries using the value of the input impedance measured by the test apparatus; and wherein said potential value is RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))}.
 6. A method for determining whether a subscriber loop can support broadband service, comprising the steps of: (a) modeling a plurality of local loops using a mathematical model; (b) calculating an input impedance of the transmission cable at each of a plurality of frequencies for each of the plurality of modeled local loops; (c) physically emulating each of the plurality of modeled local loops in a loop emulator; (d) determining a value of a transmission capability parameter for each of the physically emulated local loops; (e) determining a frequency where a real part of the input impedance at the frequency bears a substantially linear relationship with the transmission capability parameter determined for each of the physically emulated local loops; (f) storing the real part of the input impedance for the frequency determined in step (e) in a table along with the value of the transmission capability parameter determined in step (d); (g) using the table to determine the value of the transmission capability parameter corresponding to a potential local loop; and (i) using the value of the transmission capability parameter determined in step (g) as an indication of whether the local loop can support broadband service.
 7. The method recited in claim 6, wherein step (g), comprises the steps of: (1) connecting a test apparatus to an actual local loop; (2) measuring an input impedance of the local loop; (3) obtaining the real part of the measured input impedance; and (4) determining a transmission capacity of the local loop by comparing the real part of the measure input impedance to the real part of the input impedances stored in the table.
 8. The method reciting in claim 7, wherein step (4) comprises the step of (i) interpolating the data in the table to determine the transmission capability where there is no real part of the input impedance in the table exactly corresponding to the real part of the measured input impedance.
 9. The method recited in claim 6, wherein the determined transmission capability parameter is downstream data rate.
 10. A system for estimating data carrying capacity of a local loop, comprising: a test apparatus that measures a capacity characteristic of the local loop while the local loop is in the on-hook condition; a table containing one or more entries, each entry containing a potential value of the capacity characteristic and an estimate of the data carrying capacity of the local loop corresponding to said potential value of the capacity characteristic; a computer to determine an estimate of the data carrying capacity of the local loop using the measured value of the capacity characteristic and said table, wherein the capacity characteristic is an input impedance of the subscriber loop; and wherein said potential value is RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))} and the computer uses a real part of the measured value of input impedance.
 11. A method for measuring the data carrying capacity of a local loop, comprising the steps of: (a) measuring a value of a capacity characteristic of the local loop while the local loop in the on-hook condition; (b) applying said measured value of the capacity characteristic to a table containing one or more entries, each entry containing a potential value of the capacity characteristic and an estimate of the data carrying capacity of the local loop corresponding to said potential value of the capacity characteristic; (c) estimating the data carrying capacity of the local loop using said table and said measured value of the capacity characteristic, wherein the capacity characteristic is an input impedance of the local loop; and wherein said potential value is RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))}, further comprising the step of using a real part of the measured value of input impedance.
 12. A system for determining a data carrying capacity of a potential local loop, comprising: a test apparatus to measure a transmission characteristic of the potential local loop using a frequency in the voiceband; a computer to store a table comprising a plurality of entries, each entry in the table comprising a potential value of the transmission characteristic and a corresponding data carrying capacity, wherein the computer calculates the data carrying capacity of the potential local loop using the stored table; and wherein the transmission characteristic is one of DC resistance, input impedance and RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))}.
 13. A method for determining a data carrying capacity of a potential local loop, comprising the steps of: measuring a transmission characteristic of the potential local loop using a frequency in the voiceband; storing a table comprising a plurality of entries, each entry in the table comprising a potential value of the transmission characteristic and a corresponding data carrying capacity; and calculating the data carrying capacity of the potential local loop using the stored table; and wherein the transmission characteristic is one of DC resistance, input impedance and RE{tan h⁻¹(1/Z_(in))}. 